What is a Microcontroller?

A microcontroller is a single-chip computer, that is, the entire computer system lies within the confines of the integrated circuit (IC) chip. The microcontroller on the encapsulated sliver of silicon has features similar to those of a standard personal computer. Basically, the microcontroller is capable of storing and running a program. The microcontroller contains a central processing unit (CPU), random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), input/output (I/O), serial and parallel ports, timers and may also contain other built-in peripherals like analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters.

A microprocessor differs from a microcontroller in several ways. The main distinction is that a microprocessor requires a number of other components for its operation, such as program memory and data memory, input/output devices, and an externa clock circuit whereas a microcontroller has all the required chips incorporated inside its single chip.

Microcontrollers were usually programmed using the assembly language of the target device. While the assembly language is fast, it has a number of disadvantages: An assembly language consists of mnemonics which makes learning and maintaining a program written using the assembly language challenging. Additionally, microcontrollers manufactured by different firms have different assembly languages, so the user must learn a new language with every new microcontroller. Nonetheless, microcontrollers can also be programmed using a high-level language like C, BASIC, Java, Python, etc. High-level languages are much easier to learn than assembly languages. They also facilitate the development of large and complex programs.

Principally, a microcomputer executes a user program which is loaded in its program memory. Under the control of this program, data is received from external devices (inputs), manipulated and then sent to external devices (outputs). For instance, in a microcontroller-based oven temperature control system the microcontroller reads the temperature using a temperature sensor and then operates a heater or a fan to keep the temperature at the required level.

Microcontrollers are used in most smart devices in consumer electronics. For example, microcontroller systems are widely used in many household items such as microwave ovens, hi-fi equipment, TV remote control, refrigerators, etc.

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